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To add emphasis to an imperative: " Do come in." (actually softens the command).To add emphasis to an entire sentence: "He does like spinach.The so-called emphatic do has many uses in English. Raoul studies as hard as his sister does.Larry excelled in language studies so did his brother.My wife doesn't like spinach neither do I.ĭo is also helpful because it means you don't have to repeat the verb:.My wife hates spinach and so does my son.With "yes-no" questions, the form of do goes in front of the subject and the main verb comes after the subject:įorms of do are useful in expressing similarity and differences in conjunction with so and neither. Does she work here? No, she doesn't work here.These verbs also work as "short answers," with the main verb omitted. The past tense did works with all persons, singular and plural.) ( Does, however, is substituted for third-person, singular subjects in the present tense. In the simple present tense, do will function as an auxiliary to express the negative and to ask questions. Used with the permission of Oxford University Press. ( The New Fowler's Modern English Usage edited by R.W. I should imagine they'll vote Conservative.In British English and very formal American English, one is apt to hear or read should with the first-person pronouns in expressions of liking such as "I should prefer iced tea" and in tentative expressions of opinion such as If you think that was amazing, you should have seen it last night.It is still used, however, to mean "ought to" as in Should is usually replaced, nowadays, by would. The college president shall report financial shortfalls to the executive director each semester.".The board of directors shall be responsible for payment to stockholders.Shall is often used in formal situations (legal or legalistic documents, minutes to meetings, etc.) to express obligation, even with third-person and second-person constructions: (In the second sentence, many writers would use should instead, although should is somewhat more tentative than shall.) In the U.S., to express the future tense, the verb will is used in all other cases. In the United States, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions (suggesting an element of permission) in the first-person: The distinction between the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for both verbs. Using will in the first person would express determination on the part of the speaker, as in "We will finish this project by tonight, by golly!" Using shall in second and third persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable in the U.S., although shall is used far less frequently. In England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?" Will would be used in the simple future for all other persons. They have been writing that novel for a long time.As auxiliaries, the verbs be, have and do can change form to indicate changes in subject and time. Shall, will and forms of have, do and be combine with main verbs to indicate time and voice. The same is true of the 'nt in "He hasn't started yet" (the adverb not, represented by the contracted n't, is not part of the verb, has started). In the sentence, "He has already started." the adverb already modifies the verb, but it is not really part of the verb. Students should remember that adverbs and contracted forms are not, technically, part of the verb. As of next August, I will have been studying chemistry for ten years.In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb the whole verb string is underlined: The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings. Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood.